8. Sources and References

In order to understand a dam safety issue, we need to look at firstly general dam safety guideline that is currently applied, and also we should past overall cause of dam failure and remediation histories. For this, there are some valuable sources and references to read as follows.

Must-See Online Resources on Dam Safety

National Dam Safety Program / Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/damfailure/ndsp.shtm
FEMA has been working to protect Americans from dam failure through the National Dam Safety Program (NDSP). The NDSP provides information about dam safety research and training.

Dam safety, FEMA
http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/damfailure/index.shtm
This web-site gives a great source of dam failure information, the National Dam Safety Program (NDSP), dam safety guideline, and technical manuals and guides, etc.

Guidelines for Dam Safety, FEMA
http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/damfailure/publications.shtm#0
Another essential dam safety guideline in nationwide is FEMA federal guidelines for federal agency dam owners and regulators. The guidelines may also be used by non-federal dam owners, regulators, and operators. It includes:

Major Events in Dam Safety in the U.S.
http://npdp.stanford.edu/chronology.html
Chronological summary of major events in dam safety issue is provided.

Division of Safety of Dams (DSOD) / Department of Water Resources (DWR)
http://damsafety.water.ca.gov/
In California, the best dam safety relating organization is Division of Safety of Dams in Department of Water Resources. The California Water Code entrusts this regulatory power to the Department of Water Resources which delegates the program to the Division of Safety of Dams. Information regarding the supervision of dams is addressed here to better serve the public, dam owners and applicants.

Association of State Dam Safety Officials (ASDSO)
http://www.damsafety.org/
ASDSO is a non-profit organization of state and federal dam safety regulators, dam owners/operators, dam designers, manufacturers/suppliers, academia, contractors and others interested in dam safety. This site address the dam safety issue and state dam safety programs.

http://www.damsafety.org/map/state.aspx?s=5
Useful fact sheet for the California dam safety program is given.

US Bureau of Reclamation (USBR), Dam Safety
http://www.usbr.gov/ssle/dam_safety/
This site provides the Reclamation's Safety Evaluation of Existing Dams (SEED) program and overall good information on dam safety issue.

USBR, dam database
http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/dams/

Engineer Manuals, United States Army Corps of Engineers
http://www.usace.army.mil/publications/eng-manuals/
A good source of engineering manuals on dams and levees, also other geo-structures.

United States Society on Dams
http://www.ussdams.org/index.html
Publication and information about dam engineering, construction, planning, operation, performance, rehabilitation, decommissioning, maintenance, security and safety

Summary of USSD White Paper on Dam Safety Risk Assessment
http://www.ussdams.org/reports.html
This site introduces USSD publication White Paper on Dam Safety Risk Assessment.

National Inventory of Dams
http://crunch.tec.army.mil/nidpublic/webpages/nid.cfm
With the National Dam Inspection Act (P.L. 92-367) of 1972, inventory dams located in the United States are provided in this site.

Dam, Hydropower and Reservoir Statistics
http://www.ussdams.org/uscold_s.html
The USSD Committee on Register of Dams gives summarized table about United States dams, hydropower projects and reservoirs.

Educational Site on Dam and Water Resource
http://crunch.tec.army.mil/nidpublic/webpages/USSD_Water_Dams/index.html
This web-site describes well regarding Why Dams & Water Resources, and Water Availability, etc.


Useful Readings regarding General Dam Safety Issue

FEMA dam safety guidelines
· Emergency Action Planning for Dam Owners (FEMA 64)
· Earthquake Analyses and Design of Dams (FEMA 65)
· Federal Guidelines for Dam Safety (FEMA 93)
· Selecting and Accommodating Inflow Design Floods for Dams (FEMA 94)
· Glossary of Terms (FEMA 148)
· Hazard Potential Classification System for Dams (FEMA 333)

Bharat Singh, R. S. Varshney, Engineering for Embankment Dams, A.A.Balkema, 1995

Donald H. Babbitt, Improving Seismic Safety of Dams in California, Department of Water Resources, Division of Safety of Dams

Dean W. Smith, Surveillance Measurements within California’s Dam Safety Program, Division of Safety of Dams, Department of Water Resources, State of California

Emil R. Calzascia and James A. Fitzpatrick, Hydrogogic Analysis within California’s Dam Safety Program, Division of Safety of Dams, Department of Water Resources, State of California

James L. Sherard, Earth and Earth-Rock Dams; Engineering Problems of Design and Construction, John Wiley and Sons, 1967

Richard J. Baines, Dam Inspections, California Division of Safety of Dams, Department of Water Resources, 1999.01


References for Dam Safety due to Earthquake

Gilles Bureau, Richard L. Volpe, Wolfgang H. Roth, Takekazu Udaka, Seismic Analysis of Concrete Face Rockfill Dams, Concrete Face Rockfill Dams - Design, Construction, and Performance, ASCE, 1985

ICOLD Committee on Materials for Fill Dams, Concrete Face Rockfill Dams, Concepts for Design and Construction, Nov. 2004

Luis Arrau, Ismael Ibarra, Guillermo Noguera, Performance of Cogoti Dam Under Seismic Loading, Concrete Face Rockfill Dams - Design, Construction, and Performance, ASCE, 1985

M. Yener Ozkan, A Review of Considerations on Seismic Safety of Embankments and Earth and Rockfill Dams, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 17 (1998) 439~458, Elsevier

Nasim Uddin, A Dynamic Analysis Procedure for Concrete-faced Rockfill Dams Subjected to Strong Seismic Excitation, Computers and Structures 72 (1999) 409~421

Martin Wieland, Earthquake Safety of Concrete Dams and Seismic Design Criteria for Major Dam Projects, www.energy.poyry.com/linked/en/hydropower/pu_en_earthquake_s_concrete.pdf

W.F.Marcuson, P.F.Hadala, R.H.Ledbetter, Seismic rehabilitation of Earth Dams, Journal of Greotechnical Engineering, Vol. 122, No. 1, 1996, ASCE

Manish Shrikhande, Susanta Basu, A Critique of the ICOLD Method for Selecting Earthquake Ground Motions to Design Large Dams, Engineering Geology 80, pp 37–42, 2005, Elsevier

Martin Wieland, Seismic Aspects of Dam Design, www.melbournewater.com.au/.../waterway_diverters/forms_and_guidelines/Dam_Safety_Emergency_Plan.pdf


Case History References used in this Webpage

The scope of this case history about dam failure and remediation is limited to the dams in California except Teton Dam case history, which is dramatically a big failure. More worldwide information can be referred some recommended sources in this website.

Lower San Fernando

Bardet, J. P., and C. A. Davis, Performance of San Fernando Dams During 1994 Northridge Earthquake, Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, Vol. 122, No. 7, 1996, pp. 554–564.

Davis, C. A., and J. P. Bardet, Performance of Two Reservoirs During the 1994 Northridge earthquake, Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, Vol. 122, No. 8, 1996, pp. 613–622.

Seed, Lee, Idriss, & Makdisi (1975). The slides in the San Fernando Dams during the Earthquake of February 9, 1971, J.Geotech. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 101(GT7), 651-688.

Seed, Seed, Harder, Jong (1989), Re-Evaluation of the Lower San Fernando Dam, Contract report GL-89-1 for the US Army Corp of Engineers, Washington, DC.

LA Dam

http://quake.usgs.gov/prepare/factsheets/LADamStory/

Austrian Dam

Chris Kramer, Michael D. Lee, Preparedness for Dam Failures in the San Francisco Bay Area, Natural Hazards Review, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2004, ASCE

City of San Jose, Emergency Operations Plan, 2006

I.M. Idriss, Ralph J. Archuleta, Evaluation of Earthquake Ground Motions draft 06.5, 2007, www.ferc.gov/industries/hydropower/safety/guidelines/eng-guide/chap13-draft.pdf -

John Vrymoed, Wallace Lam, Earthquake Performance of Austrian Dam, California during the Loma Prieta Earthquake, Division of Safety of Dams, Department of Water Resources, http://damsafety.water.ca.gov/seismic_austrian.cfm

L.F. Harder, Jr., J.D. Bray, R.L. Volpe, R.L. Volpe, K.V. Rodda, Performance of Earth Dams during the Loma Prieta Earthquake, The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989-Earth Structures and Engineering Characterization of Ground Motion, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1552-D, 1998

San Luis Dam

Boulanger, R. (2008). San Luis Dam Slide. Retrieved 2 4, 2008, from Ross W. Boulanger Faculty Page Photo Album:
http://cee.engr.ucdavis.edu/faculty/boulanger/geo_photo_album/Embankment%20dams/San%20Luis%20dam%20slide/San%20Luis%20dam%20-%20main.html

Duncan, J. M., & Stark, T. D. (1989). The Causes of the 1981 Slide in San Luis Dam. Raleigh, North Carolina: Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute.

Reclamation, U. S. (1994). Central Valley Project The San Luis Unit West San Joaquin Division. Retrieved 24, 2008, from Reclamation Managing the Water in the West: http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/html/casanluish.html#Post%20Construction%20History

Baldwin Hills Reservoir

CDWR (1964). Investigation of Failure Baldwin Hills Reservoir. Department of Water Resources, The Resources Agency, State of California, April.
Jansen, R. B. (1988). Advanced dam engineering for design, construction, and rehabilitation. Van Nostrand Reinhold, NY.

St. Francis Dam

Jansen, R. B. (1988). Advanced dam engineering for design, construction, and rehabilitation.
Van Nostrand Reinhold, NY.

Teton Dam

Teton Dam Failure Review Group, Failure of Teton Dam – Final Report, by U.S. Department of the Interior, January 1980.

Coyote Dam

Abrahamson, Norman A., M. EERI, and Robert Darragh, The Morgan Hill Earthquake of
April 24, 1984 – The 1.29g Acceleration at Coyote Lake Dam: Due to Directivity, a Double
Event, or Both?, Earthquake Spectra, Vol. 1, No. 3, May 1985, pp. 445-455.

Boore, David M., Vladimir M. Graizer, John C. Tinsley, and Anthony F. Shakal, A Study of Possible Ground-Motion Amplification at the Coyote Lake Dam, California,

Bulletin of the Seismologial Society of America, Vol. 94, No. 4, August 2004, pp. 1327-1342.

Sherard, J. L., L. S. Cluff, and C. R. Allen, Potential active faults in dam foundations, Geotechnique, Vol. 24, No. 3, 1974, pp 367-428.

Sherard, James L., Sc.D., Richard J. Woodward, M.S., Stanley F. Gizienski, M.S., and William A. Clevenger, B.S., Earth and Earth-Rock Dams, Engineering Problems of Design and Construction, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1963

Tepel, Robert E., M. EERI, The Morgan Hill Earthquake of April 24, 1984 – Effects on Facilities of the Santa Clara Vallet Water District, Earthquake Spectra, Vol. 1, No. 3, May 1985, pp. 633-656.

Hell Hole Dam

http://cee.engr.ucdavis.edu/faculty/boulanger/geo_photo_album/GeoPhoto.html

Calaveras Dam

Ross Boulanger and Ronn S. Rose, Hand-out and Presentation material, ECI288 Dam Engineering Class, 2008